Can You Install a Home Battery Without Solar?

You can install home battery backup without solar, but the word can needs several qualifications. The exact battery, inverter, transfer or isolation equipment, controls, electrical service, utility rules, site, permits, and commissioning settings must support a grid-charged standalone design. A battery merely connected to the grid is not automatically capable of powering the home during a grid outage.

The central tradeoff is recharge. A standalone battery normally fills from the utility grid while the grid is available. Once the grid is down, that charging source is gone. The battery can serve its approved loads only within its available power, usable energy, reserve, temperature, control, and equipment limits. Solar-plus-storage may add an outage recharge path when the exact islanded design supports solar production, but sunlight and solar output vary. A generator is a separate operating model with fuel, exhaust, siting, maintenance, and transfer obligations. In some homes, protecting fewer loads or postponing the project is the more responsible decision.

Battery without solar at a glance

Use this table to choose which path deserves a full proposal. It is not a product or runtime recommendation.

Path	Normal charging source	Recharge during a grid outage	Decision strength	Critical limitation to document
Grid-charged standalone battery	Utility grid under the approved product, tariff, and control settings	None from the unavailable grid; another supported source would need its own design	Simple generation-free architecture when a defined finite backup window is acceptable	Available energy declines until grid return or another approved source becomes available
Solar-plus-storage	Grid and/or solar as supported and permitted	Solar may recharge in an approved islanded mode when weather, array output, controls, battery limits, and loads allow	Adds a local variable energy source and can serve daily solar-use goals	Solar does not guarantee full or timely recharge
Generator or supported hybrid review	Fuel supply through a separate generator design	Generator may provide energy while fuel and equipment conditions support operation; battery interaction must be approved	May fit longer or higher-energy outage scenarios	Fuel, exhaust, siting, service, compatibility, and maintenance remain
Load reduction or no project	None	None	Avoids buying a system that cannot meet the stated job	Requires another preparedness and continuity plan

The best first question is not “Which battery should I buy?” It is “What job must the system complete, and what energy source replenishes it in every operating state?”

What “standalone battery” means

In this guide, a standalone home battery is behind-the-meter energy storage installed without a connected onsite solar array. It normally charges from the utility grid. Depending on the exact product and approved design, it may provide outage backup, shift grid energy between times, manage a defined demand limit, participate in a utility program, or perform some combination of those functions.

Those modes are not automatic or universal. A product may be physically capable of a function that the utility tariff, interconnection agreement, firmware region, installed controls, warranty, or project configuration does not permit. A model sold in another state may not have the same approved operating profile in South Carolina. A battery installed for grid services may not include the transfer/isolation and backed-up distribution needed for household outage power.

Ask the proposal to name the exact modes:

• grid charging allowed or prohibited, including schedule and power limits;
• outage reserve setting and whether the owner can change it;
• selected-load or broader backup boundary;
• maximum continuous and short-duration output under stated conditions;
• automatic islanding and reconnection behavior;
• export, no-export, or limited-export behavior;
• response to a low state of charge;
• restart behavior after shutdown;
• communications or cloud dependency;
• utility-program control rights, if any; and
• future solar or generator compatibility, if claimed.

DOE’s Solar-Plus-Storage 101 notes that batteries co-located with solar can also be charged from other grid sources. That establishes the technical concept, not support for every residential product or utility configuration.

Define the backup job before selecting an architecture

A standalone battery may be a good match for a modest, clearly defined backup job and a household that accepts finite stored energy without outage recharge. It may be a poor match when the owner expects several large loads for an unknown outage duration and will not reduce demand.

Create an outage-priority record with four labels:

1. Must remain available. These may include medical equipment, refrigeration for medication, communications, security, a well or drainage pump, selected refrigeration, and essential lighting. A residential battery is not automatically a medically reliable power system; critical needs require an independent continuity plan.
2. May cycle or pause. HVAC zones, water systems, refrigeration, and other equipment may tolerate defined interruptions if the exact operating plan supports them.
3. May be manually enabled. A load could operate only when the owner confirms sufficient reserve and disables another load.
4. Not backed up. EV charging, electric resistance heat, dryers, pool/spa equipment, or other large loads may be excluded when they do not fit the priority plan. The right classification is household-specific.

For each load, collect the exact electrical data, starting behavior, daily or outage duty cycle, required hours of availability, and consequence of interruption. Then separate power from energy:

• Power, expressed in kW, determines which loads and starting events can operate at a moment.
• Usable energy, expressed in kWh under stated conditions, affects how long a changing load profile may be served.

Do not turn capacity divided by average load into a promised runtime. Reserve settings, conversion losses, temperature, battery condition, control power, starting events, actual duty cycles, shutdown limits, and changing household behavior affect the result. The solar battery sizing guide provides the detailed power-and-energy method, while the whole-home versus partial-backup guide helps define the distribution boundary. This page focuses on where recharge comes from.

Map every operating state

A credible proposal should describe the energy path in more than one mode. Use a state table before comparing equipment.

State	Source charging battery	Source serving protected loads	Control questions to answer
Normal grid, battery at target	Grid if the approved schedule calls for charging	Grid and/or battery according to the mode	Reserve, tariff schedule, power limit, export, utility control
Grid outage begins	Grid unavailable	Battery through approved isolation and backed-up distribution	Transfer behavior, interrupted loads, starting sequence
Islanded operation	None for a standalone design unless another supported source exists	Battery	Load shedding, reserve, low-state behavior, communications
Battery reaches minimum/stop condition	No unavailable-grid recharge	Protected loads may shut down according to exact controls	Warning, restart condition, critical-load contingency
Grid returns	Grid, after approved reconnection and control delays	Grid and/or battery	Reconnection, recharge power, household load, service limit
Equipment or communications fault	Depends on failure and approved fail-safe behavior	Depends on exact design	Safe state, notification, manual action, service response

The table exposes the standalone limitation clearly: during the grid outage, the normal charging source is absent. Saving a high reserve before a storm can increase energy available at outage start, but it does not replenish energy after the outage begins. A weather alert mode may change a target reserve only if the exact system and connectivity support it; it is not proof that the battery will be full or that an outage will arrive after charging completes.

Also distinguish automatic transfer from uninterrupted power. Some loads may see a brief transition. Sensitive electronics, medical equipment, servers, pumps, and controls must be assessed against their own requirements. Do not market a residential battery as an uninterruptible power supply without exact product and load evidence.

Grid charging must fit the service and controls

Charging a home battery adds an electrical load. The project should document the service, panels, conductors, disconnects, overcurrent protection, grounding and bonding, transfer/isolation equipment, communications, and any power-control system. An open breaker position does not prove electrical capacity.

Request a one-line diagram showing:

• utility service and meter;
• service disconnect and panels;
• battery, inverter, protection, and disconnect equipment;
• backed-up panel or other protected-load boundary;
• transfer or isolation function;
• grid-charging path and maximum configured input;
• export/no-export controls and measurement point;
• other distributed resources, generators, EV charging, or load-management equipment; and
• communications and control relationships that affect safe operation.

The applicable load calculation and equipment ratings must cover battery charging alongside household loads. If the system limits charging dynamically, the proposal should identify the listed/approved control, monitored point, ceiling, failure behavior, settings protection, and commissioning test. A timer or app schedule does not by itself prove service-capacity protection.

UL Solutions describes UL 9540 certification for energy storage systems and equipment. Ask for the complete exact system certification/listing and approved component combination. A mark on a battery cell or cabinet does not establish that every inverter, controller, transfer device, firmware profile, mounting arrangement, and operating mode is approved together.

Standalone battery vs solar-plus-storage

Solar is not required to install storage, but it changes the energy path and project scope.

What standalone storage can simplify

A no-solar project avoids designing and permitting a rooftop or ground-mounted PV array at the same time. It may fit a home whose roof, ownership horizon, shading, structural condition, or solar goals do not support PV now. It can keep the decision centered on a finite backup reserve and, where justified, grid-charging operation.

That simplicity is limited. The project still needs electrical design, outage isolation, load selection, site review, equipment listing, permits, utility review where applicable, commissioning, monitoring, maintenance, and warranty/service clarity. It also remains dependent on grid return for its normal recharge source.

What solar may add

Solar-plus-storage may add variable local generation in both normal and outage states. During an outage, solar can recharge the battery only when the exact inverter, controls, isolation architecture, array, battery limits, and approved design support islanded production. Ordinary grid-tied solar shuts down when the grid is unavailable unless an approved system forms and manages a local island.

DOE’s solar and resilience guidance explains that residential solar-plus-storage uses suitable inverter and storage architecture to operate in an islanded mode. It does not promise that any array will fully recharge a battery. Cloud cover, season, shading, temperature, array orientation, power limits, curtailment, reserve, battery state, and household loads all affect the outcome.

Compare the paths using the same protected-load scenarios:

• energy available at the beginning of the outage;
• power available for simultaneous loads and motor starts;
• expected daily protected-load energy;
• solar production modeled for relevant conditions, if proposed;
• power shared between household loads and battery charging;
• reserve and low-state behavior;
• days or conditions with little useful solar recharge;
• grid-return recharge plan; and
• an alternative plan when the system cannot support critical needs.

Do not describe solar as endless recharge. Do not describe standalone storage as useless without solar. Each can fit a different operating job.

If you may add solar later, design that boundary now

Some homeowners want storage today and solar after a roof replacement, move, financing change, or additional design review. “Solar-ready” needs a written architecture, not a sales phrase.

Ask:

• Will future solar connect through a separate AC-coupled PV inverter, supported DC inputs on a hybrid inverter, or another approved architecture?
• Is the current battery inverter designed, listed, and warranted for the proposed future interaction?
• What array voltage, current, power, rapid-shutdown, and equipment limits apply?
• Can the future solar operate and recharge storage during an outage, or only while grid-connected?
• Will a new transfer device, controller, gateway, panel, inverter, or meter arrangement be required?
• Does the current site reserve code-compliant space and routes without assuming a future permit result?
• Which equipment or labor would be duplicated later?
• Who owns compatibility when equipment generations or firmware change?
• Will the utility treat the later solar addition as a new or modified interconnection request?
• How are warranties and commissioning updated?

The AC-versus-DC battery guide explains coupling architectures in detail. A technically expandable concept is not a promise that a future product, utility program, tariff, or code pathway will remain available.

If the home already has solar, this is no longer a standalone decision. Use the existing-solar battery retrofit guide to audit ownership, inverter compatibility, system condition, monitoring, interconnection records, warranties, and the supported outage architecture.

Evaluate the tariff without promising savings

A battery can move grid energy between times only when the exact operating mode and utility tariff allow it. Whether that reduces a bill depends on more than the difference between two advertised rates.

Collect at least 12 months of bills and, where available, interval data. Record:

• actual electric provider and service address;
• current rate schedule and effective dates;
• energy charges by time period;
• demand charges or ratchets, if any;
• fixed charges, riders, minimums, taxes, and fees;
• seasonal and weekday/weekend definitions;
• import, export, and netting rules;
• battery charging and export restrictions;
• utility-program dispatch or reserve obligations;
• battery round-trip losses and standby consumption from the exact technical basis;
• warranty/cycle implications of the proposed schedule; and
• household load that may overlap battery recharge.

Then simulate the proposed schedule against actual intervals. A flat residential rate may offer little energy-arbitrage value. A time-of-use rate can create a difference between charging and discharge periods, but losses, fixed charges, household timing, reserve requirements, demand treatment, and future rate changes can reduce or reverse an apparent benefit. Backup reserve can conflict with aggressive daily discharge: energy used for bill management is not simultaneously held for an unexpected outage.

Dominion Energy South Carolina’s current rates and tariffs page lists several residential schedules, while its 2026 time-of-use update illustrates that time periods and rates can change after regulatory review. Santee Cooper separately publishes its current electric rates. These examples prove the need for provider-specific review; they do not establish the reader’s tariff, eligibility, or savings.

Do not rely on an installer screenshot or national calculator as a guaranteed bill result. Require assumptions, interval data, current tariff documents, control settings, degradation/loss treatment, and a sensitivity case. If the economics depend on a utility incentive or dispatch program, obtain the current program document and written equipment/enrollment eligibility before signing.

Utility approval and export behavior are separate questions

A battery can charge from the grid, discharge behind the meter, export to the grid, or operate in a non-export configuration depending on equipment and rules. These are different electrical states. The proposal should not assume that permission for one establishes permission for another.

Ask the actual electric provider:

• Does this standalone storage configuration require an application, notice, study, agreement, or meter change?
• Is grid charging allowed in the proposed mode and tariff?
• Is export prohibited, limited, or permitted under a specific agreement?
• What certification, one-line, settings, control, or witness-test documentation is required?
• Does the provider require a specific inverter profile or protection setting?
• Can the battery participate in a demand-response or other program, and what control rights or reserve obligations apply?
• Does adding solar later require a new or modified interconnection process?
• Who may authorize operation, and what must remain disabled before approval?

The installer should identify who submits the request, answers corrections, provides revised drawings, schedules inspections or witness testing, and retains approval documents. “Utility-compatible” in marketing material is not address-specific permission.

Do not conflate a battery’s anti-islanding or transfer function with export approval. A system can be designed to isolate safely during an outage and still need utility review for grid-connected behavior. Conversely, grid interconnection does not prove that household circuits receive backup power.

Site, code, fire, flood, and access still apply

Removing solar panels from the project does not remove storage siting and safety review. The exact chemistry, system certification, capacity, configuration, enclosure, mounting, environment, property, and adopted requirements matter.

The field assessment should document:

• proposed indoor or outdoor location alternatives;
• exact manufacturer clearances, environmental limits, and mounting requirements;
• working access and protection from physical damage;
• heat, cold, direct sun, rain, salt/coastal exposure, drainage, and flooding;
• doors, windows, egress, habitable spaces, garages, vehicles, ignition sources, and fire-service access as relevant to the approved design;
• wall, floor, pad, stand, anchorage, and structural responsibility;
• service, panel, conductor, disconnect, grounding/bonding, surge, and communications routes;
• smoke, heat, gas detection, ventilation, signage, barriers, or other measures required by the exact system and AHJ;
• HOA or architectural review; and
• who prepares plans, obtains permits, answers corrections, schedules inspections, and restores disturbed surfaces.

South Carolina’s Building Codes Council publishes the current code-adoption path. The filing date and actual authority having jurisdiction control. A later model code, an installation photo from another state, or a manufacturer’s minimum does not automatically establish the approved South Carolina location.

Do not publish one universal battery separation, capacity, room, ventilation, flood elevation, fire barrier, bollard, or permit rule. Do not advise a homeowner to open electrical equipment or move/install a battery to reduce a quote. Qualified design, exact instructions, current codes, and AHJ review are required.

Tax treatment in 2026 is not the old battery story

Many search results still repeat incentives that changed. For a residential project completed in 2026, the current IRS page says the Section 25D Residential Clean Energy Credit is not available for property placed in service after December 31, 2025. The IRS’s current Residential Clean Energy Credit page, reviewed in July 2026, explicitly includes that termination. IRS transition FAQs also say paying before the deadline does not make a later-completed original installation eligible.

South Carolina’s solar credit is not a general battery credit. The Department of Revenue’s Revenue Ruling 24-2 addresses qualifying solar-energy systems and distinguishes storage used as part of a qualifying solar system from standalone non-solar storage. Do not apply the state solar credit automatically to a battery without solar.

This guide does not determine a taxpayer’s eligibility, placed-in-service date, carryforward, business use, basis, financing, rebate treatment, or interaction with another credit. Ask a qualified tax professional to apply current law and official guidance to the signed project documents. Require the proposal to show gross price and any incentive assumption separately so the contract remains understandable if the tax conclusion changes.

When a generator or no-project decision deserves review

A finite standalone battery may not match every outage scenario. If the household requires high daily energy for an uncertain duration and has no acceptable way to reduce load, the decision should reopen rather than stretching a battery estimate into a promise.

A permanently installed generator review may be appropriate when the household accepts combustion, fuel, exhaust, noise, siting, transfer, maintenance, and service obligations and needs a different replenishment path. A supported battery-generator hybrid is not automatic: the proposal must identify compatible equipment, which source forms the local electrical island, whether/how the generator may charge storage, load limits, transfer sequence, fault behavior, warranty, approvals, and mode-by-mode commissioning.

This article does not repeat the battery-versus-generator comparison or imply that Sunburst supports a hybrid product. It simply treats the generator branch as a distinct project requiring its own complete design.

No project can also be a sound choice. Consider it when:

• outage consequences can be managed with a non-electrical preparedness plan;
• critical medical or safety needs require a different continuity solution;
• the desired loads exceed a responsible battery plan and the homeowner will not reduce them;
• site, service, ownership, utility, or AHJ constraints remain unresolved;
• tariff value is essential but unsupported by actual data;
• future roof, service, HVAC, or relocation work would make the current design premature; or
• the proposal depends on unverified incentives, products, or approvals.

“Wait” should include defined next steps: collect interval data, replace unsafe equipment, resolve site/flood questions, confirm a utility rule, complete a roof project, or revise outage priorities.

Require a proposal that describes outcomes, not labels

A useful standalone-battery proposal should include:

• homeowner goals ranked as backup, bill management, future solar, or another use;
• protected-load and circuit schedule;
• power, motor-start, energy, reserve, and scenario assumptions;
• exact battery, inverter, transfer/isolation, gateway/controller, and protection equipment;
• system certification/listing and approved component combination;
• normal, outage, low-state, grid-return, and fault operating descriptions;
• grid-charging power, schedule, service-capacity treatment, and controls;
• export/no-export behavior and utility documentation;
• site plan, electrical one-line, permits, inspections, and unresolved conditions;
• monitoring, connectivity, account, owner-control, and failure behavior;
• future-solar treatment without compatibility promises;
• commissioning steps and acceptance criteria;
• equipment, workmanship, monitoring, and service/warranty documents;
• maintenance, software, subscription, replacement, and ownership obligations; and
• included work, allowances, exclusions, change-order triggers, and closeout documents.

If the salesperson cannot show which loads operate, where recharge comes from, and what happens at low state of charge, the proposal is not ready for a price decision. If the savings case has no interval data or current tariff, treat it as unverified. If future solar is important, require an architecture and limitation statement.

Sunburst’s public battery-storage service confirms that standalone battery assessment is within service context, but it does not publicly confirm every brand, operating mode, utility program, or later-solar configuration. For a documented standalone-versus-solar path review, request a property-specific battery assessment and bring electric bills, interval data if available, panel/service records, outage priorities, site concerns, and any future-solar plan.

Commission grid, outage, and recovery modes

Commissioning should prove the approved operating description rather than merely showing a battery in an app. The exact manufacturer procedures, safe test conditions, utility permission, and AHJ requirements control.

A written acceptance plan may include:

1. exact equipment, firmware/region profile, serials, settings, and system certification records;
2. protected circuits and excluded loads confirmed against labels and drawings;
3. grid charging at the configured limit with household background load;
4. service or power-control behavior when applicable;
5. normal-source loss, isolation, and transfer to backup;
6. staged protected loads and agreed motor starts;
7. load shedding, reserve changes, and owner controls;
8. low-state warnings and shutdown behavior demonstrated safely or through an approved test method;
9. no-export or permitted-export behavior as required;
10. grid return, reconnection, and recharge behavior;
11. monitoring/connectivity loss and recovery where testable;
12. alarms, emergency information, owner training, and service contacts;
13. solar-ready claims documented as current limitations and future requirements; and
14. dated readings, exceptions, corrections, and final signoff.

Do not intentionally drain a battery, overload a circuit, defeat isolation, simulate unsafe faults, or change protected settings without the approved procedure and responsible professional. Preserve the final one-line, site plan, load schedule, settings, utility/AHJ documents, manuals, commissioning results, warranties, and limitations.

Which path fits which homeowner?

A standalone grid-charged battery may fit when the household wants quiet automatic backup for a defined finite load/energy job, accepts no grid recharge during the outage, has a feasible service/site design, and values the project even without promised savings or tax credits.

A solar-plus-storage review may fit when the homeowner also wants onsite generation, the property supports solar, and variable outage recharge or normal solar use is important. It still requires production, load, inverter, control, tariff, and approval analysis.

A future-solar standalone design may fit when today’s battery has a useful independent job and the proposal documents a credible expansion boundary without guaranteeing future equipment or approvals.

A generator or supported hybrid review may fit when outage energy needs exceed a responsible finite-battery plan and the household accepts the separate fuel and combustion obligations. Compatibility must be proven, not assumed.

A load-reduction or no-project path may fit when essential needs can be met more safely or economically another way, the desired outcome is unsupported, or the project depends on an unverified rate, incentive, site, or product claim.

The decision is complete only when the homeowner understands what operates, for which modeled conditions, what recharges the system, what happens when stored energy reaches its limit, and who owns each approval and service obligation.

Where Sunburst fits a standalone battery decision

Sunburst Solar Solutions installs battery storage, solar and standby generators, which is the main reason our answer to this question changes from house to house. A homeowner on Daniel Island who loses power for six hours twice a year is solving a different problem from a family in a rural co-op territory facing multi-day restoration after a hurricane, and we would not put the same equipment on both properties. Outage history varies that much even inside one region: compare battery storage in Beaufort with Bluffton.

What we bring to a standalone battery project is the unglamorous part: a real critical-load list, a service and panel review, the interconnection filing with your utility — grid-charging and export behavior are approval questions, not app settings — the county permit, and a commissioned outage test you actually witness. Our team carries 30+ years of combined experience and every install is covered by our lifetime full-system warranty.

If solar may follow later, read how to design that boundary now before you buy. When you want the standalone case priced honestly for your address, book a free assessment.

Home battery without solar FAQs

Can a battery back up a house without solar panels?

Yes, when the exact battery, inverter, transfer/isolation equipment, controls, electrical design, utility rules, site, and approvals support outage operation. A grid-connected battery that lacks the required backup architecture may not energize household loads during an outage.

How does a standalone battery recharge?

It normally charges from the utility grid under approved settings while the grid is available. Once the grid is down, that source cannot recharge it. Another source, such as solar or a generator, requires its own compatible, approved design.

How long will a battery last without solar?

There is no universal runtime. It depends on usable energy, power limits, starting events, protected loads, duty cycles, reserve, losses, temperature, battery condition, controls, and household behavior. Use scenario ranges and acceptance tests, not a guaranteed hour count.

Can the battery charge with cheap electricity and save money?

Possibly under some tariffs and load profiles, but not universally. Verify grid charging, current rate periods, losses, fixed and demand charges, reserve strategy, interval data, warranty/cycle treatment, and utility rules. Model the actual bill before relying on savings.

Will a battery work on a flat utility rate?

It can still provide outage backup if the design supports it. A flat rate may provide little energy-shifting value, so the project should stand on its documented backup or other goals rather than assumed arbitrage savings.

Can solar be added later?

Sometimes, but require an exact future architecture, supported interfaces, electrical limits, outage behavior, utility modification path, warranty responsibilities, and likely additional equipment. “Solar-ready” is not a compatibility guarantee.

Does a standalone battery qualify for a federal tax credit in 2026?

The current IRS guidance says the residential Section 25D credit is not available for property/expenditures after December 31, 2025. Have a qualified tax professional review timing, carryforwards, and project facts; this page does not provide tax advice.

Does South Carolina’s solar credit apply to a battery without solar?

Do not assume it does. SC DOR Revenue Ruling 24-2 ties the credit to qualifying solar-energy property and does not treat standalone non-solar storage as automatically qualifying. Obtain project-specific tax advice.

Does “whole-home battery” mean every load can run?

No. It can describe a broad transfer boundary while power, energy, load controls, and operating restrictions still apply. Require a protected-load schedule, simultaneous-load cases, motor starts, and low-state behavior.

Does the utility need to approve a non-export battery?

Requirements vary. Ask the actual provider whether notice, application, settings, equipment certification, meter work, agreement, or inspection is required. Non-export marketing does not replace address-specific confirmation.

Is standalone storage better than a generator?

Neither is universally better. A battery has finite stored energy and no grid recharge during the outage; a generator adds fuel, exhaust, siting, transfer, maintenance, and service obligations. Compare both against the same protected loads and outage scenarios.

Sources and methodology

This guide was researched and updated on August 10, 2026. Official sources establish the architecture, code/tax guardrails, and need for provider-specific tariff review; they do not prove product support or project approval.

• DOE Solar-Plus-Storage 101
• DOE solar and resilience basics
• DOE distributed energy resources and microgrids basics
• IRS Residential Clean Energy Credit
• IRS 2025 law-change FAQs for Section 25D
• South Carolina DOR Revenue Ruling 24-2
• South Carolina Building Codes Council code adoption
• UL Solutions energy-storage-system certification
• Dominion Energy South Carolina rates and tariffs
• Dominion Energy South Carolina 2026 time-of-use update
• Santee Cooper current rates

The signed proposal must still confirm the exact supported standalone product, grid-charging and outage modes, utility path, site/AHJ result, warranties, and commissioning scope. Publication does not resolve those first-party or property-specific facts.